Phylum Chordata

Phylum Chordata. A Chordate is an animal that has 4 specific characteristics during their life cycle: 1- Dorsal, hollow nerve cord 2- Notochord – a long supporting rod that runs through the body below the nerve cord 3- Post anal tail 4-Pharyngeal pouches (gill slits).

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gill slits
temperature control
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Phylum Chordata

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Phylum Chordata • A Chordate is an animal that has 4 specific characteristics during their life cycle: • 1- Dorsal, hollow nerve cord • 2- Notochord – a long supporting rod that runs through the body below the nerve cord • 3- Post anal tail • 4-Pharyngeal pouches (gill slits)
1- A Dorsal, Hollow Nerve Cord • This is a sheath of large nerve cells • These nerve cells are somewhat like stem cells in they may play an important role in other nerve cells that develop • Example: certain motorneurons are affected by the absence of these cells in embryonic development • In higher organisms, the actual “spinal cord” is surrounded by this hollow covering.
2- A Notochord • The notochord is a strong structural part of the organism • It is located dorsally from the gut (endoderm and coelom) • It is made of cartilage or bone • It is the spine, or vertebral column
3- A Post Anal Tail • Post means it is located posterior to the anus, or behind the anus • It is an extension of the notochord, and made of cartilage or bone
4- Pharyngeal pouches • These are located at the pharynx, or throat, of a chordate • They develop into the gills of fish and juvenile amphibians • In aquatic reptiles, birds and mammals, they close during embryonic development and become the throat, while the nasal passageways develop
Subphyla of the Phylum Chordata • The Nonvertebrates: • Sub Phylum Urochordata tunicates or “Sea Squirts” • Sub Phylum Cephalochordata – lancelets • These are very simple chordates without spines • All are aquatic
Subphyla of the Phylum Chordata • The Vertebrates • Sub Phylum Vertebrata– cartilaginous and bony fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals • These are chordates with spines of cartilage or bony tissue
Vocabulary • Body temperature control: • Ectotherm – animals that rely on behavior and interactions with the environment (Cold-Blooded) • Endotherm– animals that generate their own body heat and control temp. from within (Warm-Blooded)
VocabularyEgg to Juvenile Method: • Oviparous – Eggs hatch outside the female body • Ex: Most Fish • Ovoviviparous– Eggs develop inside the female body and the young are live-born • Ex: Some Sharks) • Viviparous – bear live young that are nourished directly by the mother’s body as they develop. • Ex: Whales, Otters
Vertebrates – Agnathans(jawless fish) • Examples: Lamprey; Hagfish • Body Plan: snake-like, no scales, no paired fins, no true teeth or jaws • Skeleton Type: fibers and cartilage • 2 chambered • Temperature control: ectotherm • Respiration: gills • Reproduction: sexually-external/ internal fertilization (oviparous) • Importance:lamprey are parasites and hagfish are decomposers that feeding on dead or decaying fish)
Vertebrates – Class Chondrichthyes • Examples: Sharks, Rays, Skates • Chondros(Gk = cartilage) • Body Plan: large curved tails, torpedo-shaped body, pointed snout, moveable jaw, placoid (rough as sandpaper)scales • Skeleton Type: cartilage • 2 chambered • Temperature control: ectotherm • Respiration: gills • Reproduction: sexually- external/internal fertilization (oviparous/ovoviviparous/some viviparous) • Importance: predators in the food chain
As the front row of shark teeth are worn out, new teeth are continually replacing them. A shark goes through 20,000 teeth in its lifetime!! A skate is shown in the top picture; a stingray below
Vertebrates – Osteicthyes(bony fish) • Examples: goldfish, perch, bass, trout • Body Plan: lateral line (use this to sense motion of other fish nearby), swim bladder (internal, gas-filled organ that adjusts buoyancy), scales • Skeleton Type: hard, calcified tissue called bone • 2 chambered • Temperature control: ectotherm • Respiration: gills • Reproduction: sexually- external fertilization(97% are oviparous) • Importance: prey in the food chain, fishing industry
Bony Fish Types • Saltwater • Strictly live in water with dissolved salt content near seawater, about 35 ppt in the open ocean • Must regulate the loss of freshwater out of their bodies as natural osmosis and diffusion seek to balance salt concentrations within and surrounding their bodies • Ex: marlin, mullet, snapper; flounder • Brackish water • Require salinities between 35 ppt and freshwater • Many marine fry are hatched in brackish water then migrate to open oceans as they mature • Ex: fry; sheepshead, croaker • Freshwater • Strictly live in freshwater • Must regulate the increase of freshwater into their bodies as natural osmosis and diffusion seek to balance salt concentrations within and surrounding their bodies • Ex: blue catfish; bluegill, hybrid bass
More Types of Fish • Catadromous • These fish hatch in marine waters and then migrate into freshwater to spend adulthood • They return to marine waters to spawn • Ex: Eels are the most common fish to do this, and the Sargasso Sea, near the southern part of the Atlantic Gyre, is their famous spawning ground • Anadromous • These hatch in freshwater and then migrate into marine waters to spend adulthood • They return to freshwater to spawn, and then usually die • Ex: Salmon, shad, smelt and sturgeon are examples.
Things you must know: • Fish External Anatomy • All fins • Lateral line • Scale Type • Fish Internal Anatomy • Fish Organ Systems • Fish Morphology • Body Shape that indicates ecological niche • Fish Behaviors • Mating, Territoriality, Parenting • Identifying and “Keying Out” Fish • What class are they in
Vertebrates - Reptilia • Examples: snakes, lizards, turtles & tortoises, crocodiles • Body Plan: dry, leathery skin, thick scales made of karatin (smooth or rough), terrestrial, amniotic eggs (shell & membrane so egg can develop out of water) • Skeleton Type: hard, calcified tissue called bone • 3 chambered except crocodiles with 4 chambered • Temperature control: ectotherm • Respiration: lungs • Reproduction: sexually- internal fertilization – eggs laid on land(most oviparous/ some ovoviviparous) • Importance: control rat populations, medical use/research, clothing industry
Turtles make a nest and lay their eggs on land. Snakes are carnivorous and stretch their jaws to consume their prey whole. The sex of a crocodile is determined by temperature, with males produced at 88 F, and females produced at 80 F and 93 F.

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